Notes of Russia -Study Material for EFLU 2021 and JNUEE Preparation

         

RUSSIA Study Material for EFLU 2021 and JNUEE Preparation

ORIGIN OF THE NAME RUSSIA:

The Name ''Russia'' comes from the state of Rus. During the Middle Ages, Kurban Rus was a powerful empire. As a result, the land became known as the 'Land of Rus', which eventually became Russia.

1	Official Name	Russian Federation
2	Capital	Moscow
3	Continent	Europe
4	Official Language	Russian
5	National Symbol	Brown Bear
6	Currency	Ruble
7	Government	Federal Dominant Party
8	Legislature	Federal Assembly
9	Upper House	Federation Council
10	Lower House	State Duma
11	Current President	Vladimir Putin
12	Current Prime Minister	Mikhail Mishustin
13	Religions	Russian Orthodox Christian (2%) Islam (10%-15%)
14	Literacy Rate	99.73 %
15	Constitution	Adopted on 12 Dec 1993
16	Soviet Rule	Established on 7 Nov 1917
17	Soviet Union	Formed on 30 Dec 1922
18	The disintegration of the Soviet Union	25 Dec 1991
19	Total Province	85 Federal Sub.
20	Total Time Zone	11
21	National Emblem	Double Eagle
22	National Animal	Bear
23	National Flower	Camomile
24	National Sports	Bandy
25	Country Calling Code	+7
26	Major Ethnic Group	Russian (80%) Tatar (3.9%) Ukrainian (1.4%)

                

NOTE:- Islam is the Second most Religion in Russia.

    DESCRIPTION OF FLAG :

• It consists of three horizontal bands of colour are White, Blue, Red.
• December 11, 1993, saw the adoption of the Russian flag.
• In the Soviet Union, the flag was red with a hammer and a sickle on it.     

    LANGUAGE

• Russian is a Slavic Language.
• The language is spoken in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.
• It is also spoken as a second language in much of eastern Europe and the Baltic as well as in the Caucasus and Central Asia.
• Despite being the eighth most spoken language in the world, Russian is the second most dominant language on the Internet. 
• The Russian language is written with the Cyrillic alphabet, which has 33 letters. 

 

    GEOGRAPHY

  ~  Russia is located in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia, Bordering the Arctic ocean and the North            Pacific Ocean lies between Europe and the North Atlantic Ocean.

  ~ One-tenth of Earth's land is occupied by Russia. So, that's why it is the largest country in the world        by area. A harsh climate makes only 14% of the land suitable for agriculture.                    

  ~  From tundra to stepped, from deserts to mountains, from glaciers to volcanoes, Russia has the                  longest border in the world.  

  ~  The Caspian Sea is the Largest Lake or Lowest point of Russia. The Elbrus Mountain the                      Highest point in Russia at 5,633m.

  ~  The Deepest lake is Baikal Lake. It Refers to '' The Blue Eye of Siberia ''. The world's largest                  freshwater reservoir, it holds one-fifth of the world's freshwater reserves.

  ~  Natural gas and oil are two of Russia's major exports.

    NOTE:

1. Narodnaja Gora, Ural's highest peak, is 1,894m high.
2. world's Largest country - 17,125,192 sqkm.
3. Longest River - Yenisei-Angara-Selenge (5539km). 
4. The Straits of Bering separate Russia from the USA and North America.                              

   ECONOMY OF RUSSIA :

   

1. Agricultural Products: Grain, Sugar Beets,

                            Sunflower Seeds, Vegetable, 

                            Fruit, Beef, Milk.

2. Natural Resources: Oil, Natural Gas, Coal, 

                            many Strategic Minerals, Timber.

3. Major Exports: Petroleum and its products,

                            Natural Gas, Metals, Chemicals, 

                            Wood, a wide variety of Civilian

                            and Military products. 

    MAJOR LANDFORMS:

1. Caucasus Mountain
2. Altaf Mountain
3. Ural Mountain
4. Mount Elbrus
5. Kamchatka Peninsula
6. Siberian Plain
7. Siberian Plateau
8. The Stanovoy Mountain           

    MAJOR BODIES OF WATER:

1. Volga River
2. Ob River
3. Yenisey River
4. Lake Baikal
5. Ladoga Lake
6. Onega Lake
7. Baltic Sea
8. Black Sea
9. Sea of Azov
10. Caspian Sea
11. Arctic Sea
12. Pacific Ocean        

   BORDERING COUNTRIES:

 

   ASIA:- 

1. Kazakhstan (7512km)
2. China (4209km)
3. Mongolia (3485km)
4. North Korea (17km)

  EUROPEAN COUNTRIES: Norway, Finland, 

              Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland,

              Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan.

   

    HISTORY

  The Russian empire was Established by 'Tsar

  "Peter the Great" by the Romanov Dynasty in 1721.

  The Russian Empire was terminated in 1917 after the February Revolution.

   

    RUSSIAN REVOLUTION:

On 7th November 1917, the pradhan and working-class people of Russia revolted against the government of Tsar Nicholas II. The Bolsheviks were led by Vladimir Putin and were a group of revolutionaries. The new Communist government created the country of the Soviet Union.

     UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC(USSR)

  USSR took place from 1922 to 1991. Bolsheviks formed by Vladimir Lenin and Alexander       Bogdanov led by Vladimir Lenin overthrew the Russian provisional government and Formed the          USSR.

• Vladimir Lenin DIED in 1924 and then Stalin Formed a party name was Ideology of Marxism Leninism.
• Stalin died in 1953.
• Mikhail Gorbachev was the last soviet premier.
• After then, New countries were Formed after the disintegration of the Soviet Union.

  THE RUSSIAN Tsars:

Before the revolution, Russia was ruled by a powerful Monarchy called the Tsar. The Tsar had total power in Russia. He commanded the army, owned much of the land, and even controlled the church.

Before the Russian Revolution, the working-class people and peasants had a very difficult time. The workers received little pay, often went without food, and faced hazardous working conditions.

  WORLD WAR I

   The First World War lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.There were 20 million deaths 

   and 21 million wounded. This war mainly started because of four aspects:

1. Militarism
2. Alliances
3. Imperialism
4. Nationalism

    Result: Allied Power victory

   Central Power:- Germany, Austria-Hungry,

                                Bulgaria, Turkey and Ottoman

                                Empire.

   Allies Power:- France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy and Japan.  

  OCTOBER REVOLUTION

The Bolshevik Party chief Vladimir Lenin led a coup against the provisional Duma government on Nov. 6 and 7.

    WORLD WAR II

   The Second World War lasted from 1 Sep 1939 to 2 Sep 1945. There were 61 lakh people       dead.

    Result:- Allied Power victory.

    Axis Power:- Germany, Japan, Italy.

   Allied Power:- France, Great Britain, The United States and The Soviet Union.

NOTE:

      ~ The Austrian Succession War ( 1740 - 1748)

      ~ The Seven Years War (1756-1763)

    FAMOUS PERSONALITY

1. The first President of the Soviet Union was Vladimir Lenin.
2. The last President of the Soviet Union was Mikhail Gorbachev.
3.  The last emperor of the Russian empire was Nicholas II.
4. The first and Last Chairman of the Supreme Soviet was Mikhail Gorbachev.
5. The first President of the Russian federation was Boris Yeltsin.
6. Russian icon painter Andrei Ruble is famed for his work.
7. Damitri Donskoy was the Prince who defeated Tatars.
8. 'Peter the Great' is the Russian empire.
9. Alexander Pushkin was a genius poet in Russian literature.
10. The Periodic Table was invented by Dmitri Mendeleev, a famous chemist.
11. Ivan Repin was the most popular Painter in Russia.
12.  Joseph Stalin is well known for his repression of leadership.
13. General Zhukov defeated the Nazis.
14. Vladimir Putin is the Second President of the Russian federation.

    RUSSIAN NOBLE PRIZE WINNER:

  NAME                            YEAR                  SUBJECT

  Ivan Petrovich             1904                 Medicine    

  Pavlov

  Mechnikov                    1908                 Medicine

  Cherenkov,                    1958                 Physics

  Tamm,

  Frank.

  Landau                          1962                  Physics

  Basov,                            1964                  Physics

  Prohorov.

  Kapika                           1978                  Physics

  Alferov                          2000                  Physics

  Semenov                       1956                  Chemistry

  Prigigin                         1977                  Chemistry

  Kuznets                         1971                  Economics

  Leontev                         1973                  Economics      

  Kantorovich                 1975                  Economics

  Ivan Bunin                   1933                  Litertature

  Pasternak                     1958                  Litertature

  Sholohov                       1965                 Literature

  Brodskiy                        1987                 Literature

  Andrei Sakharov         1975                 Peace

  Mikhail Gorbachev     1990                 Peace

  FOOD

   The Russian cuisine is as diverse as the regions in the huge country as it is flavorful.

1. Borscht or Red beet soup:-  It is a type of Sour soup made up of beetroot.
2. Solyanka
3. The blini is a type of pancake made from wheat.
4. Porridge:- It is a type of Cereals Depending on available crops.
5. The Oliveir salad consists of boiled potatoes, charlotte, eggs, boiled chicken pieces, pickles, sour cream, and mayo mixed together.
6. Shashlik:- It is similar to seekh kabab.
7. Kulich:- Russian eastern cake in a form of sone made with nuts and fruits.     
8. Poroshenko:- It is a Russian ice-cream.

NATIONAL HOLIDAY:

    ~ Defender of the fatherland - 23 February

    ~ May 9                 -    Victory day.

    ~ June 12              -    Russia day.

    ~ November 4     -    National unity day.

    ~ May 1                -    Labour Day.

        

  UNESCO World Heritage Sites

 The total number of heritage sites is 29 of which 18 are Cultural Heritage sites and 11 are Natural        Heritage Sites. 

• Virgin Komi Forest
• Lake Baikal
• Volcanoes of Kamchatka
• Golden Mountains of Altai
• Western Caucasus
• Bikin River Valley
• Uvs Bhut Basin
• Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve
• Purana Plateau
• Lena Pillars Nature Park
• Landscapes of Dauria

    RUSSIAN CULTURE

• International festival of Snow & Ice Sculpture ( Also called Magic Ice of Siberia ), Krasnoyarsk.
• Maslenitsa Festival- Russian's Pancake Week.
• Moscow International Film Festival ( Started in 1935 )
• Moscow's Golden Mask Theatre Festival (started in 1993)
• White night Festival, St. Petersburg.
• Scarlet Sails, St. Petersburg.
• Wild Mint Folk Festival, Moscow ( July )
• Atishay Picnic, Kolomenskoye. ( August )
• Chekhov International Theatre Festival, Moscow.          

    OLYMPICS

    1. Summer Olympics were first held in Russia in 1900 ( Russian Empire ).

    2. (Soviet Union) First participated in the Winter Olympics in 1956.

  GAMES                  HOST CITY             DATE

 Summer                  Moscow                 19 July-

    Olympics                                              3 Aug 1980

 Winter                     Sochi                      7 - 23 Feb, 

    Olympics                                               2014.

 

  FAMOUS WRITERS AND POETS:

1. Alexander Pushkin
2. Fyodor Dostoevsky
3. Anton Chekhov
4. Anna Akhmatova

 

  FAMOUS COMPOSERS:

1. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
2. Mikhail Glinka
3. Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov

`

RUSSIAN WORDS WITH MEANING:

1. Good Morning  -     доброе утро

                                  (dobroye utro)

2. Good Night     -   Спокойной ночи                                                                 ( Spokoynoy nochi )

3. Hello  -    Привет

                  ( Privet )

4. Have a Nice Day   -   хорошего дня

       ( khoroshego dnya ) 
    

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